A Modified Schirmer Tear Test in Clinically Normal Horses: Measurement at 30 Seconds versus 60 Seconds.

This study sought to compare the Schirmer Tear Test (STT)-1 results at 30 (STT30) versus 60 (STT60) seconds in healthy horses. This study included a total of 56 healthy horses. STT-1 was performed in both eyes, right eye first, and the wetting lengths were measured in STT30 and STT60. To evaluate the reduction of the initial reflex phase, the wetting length velocity was measured during the first 30 seconds. The effects of eye, age, weight, sex, and ambient temperature and humidity on STT values were evaluated. Mean (standard deviation) STT30 and STT60 were 19.06 (3.88) and 24.26 (4.50) mm. There was a linear correlation between the STT 30 and STT60, expressed according to the following equation: STT60 = 2.20 + 1.18 × STT30 (P = .001). STT30 or STT60 values did not vary between the sexes or correlate with age, weight, ambient temperature, or humidity. In conclusion, STT30 allows for an accurate, reliable, and applicable diagnosis of tear production compared with the standard STT60 value. The proposed method is shorter and may be a suitable alternative to the 1-min test.

Structure of the RAF1-HSP90-CDC37 complex reveals the basis of RAF1 regulation.

RAF kinases are RAS-activated enzymes that initiate signaling through the MAPK cascade to control cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Here, we describe the structure of the full-length RAF1 protein in complex with HSP90 and CDC37 obtained by cryoelectron microscopy. The reconstruction reveals a RAF1 kinase with an unfolded N-lobe separated from its C-lobe. The hydrophobic core of the N-lobe is trapped in the HSP90 dimer, while CDC37 wraps around the chaperone and interacts with the N- and C-lobes of the kinase. The structure indicates how CDC37 can discriminate between the different members of the RAF family. Our structural analysis also reveals that the folded RAF1 assembles with 14-3-3 dimers, suggesting that after folding RAF1 follows a similar activation as B-RAF. Finally, disruption of the interaction between CDC37 and the DFG segment of RAF1 unveils potential vulnerabilities in attempting the pharmacological degradation of RAF1 for therapeutic purposes.

The TRiC/CCT Chaperonin and Its Role in Uncontrolled Proliferation.

The cell cycle is a sophisticated space-time regulated mechanism where a wide variety of protein modules and complexes associate functioning in a concerted manner to regulate and transfer the genetic material to daughter cells. CCT (chaperonin containing TCP-1, also known as TRiC) is a molecular machine that forms a high molecular weight complex (1000 KDa). CCT is emerging as a key molecule during mitosis due to its essential role in the folding of many important proteins involved in cell division (Cdh1, Plk1, p27, Cdc20, PP2a regulatory subunits, tubulin or actin) suggesting its involvement in uncontrolled proliferation. The assembly is formed by eight different subunits called CCTα, ß, γ, δ, ε, ζ, η and θ in mammals corresponding to CCT1-8 in yeast. CCT/TRiC is organized in a unique intra- and inter-ring arrangement. The chaperonin monomers share a common domain structure including an equatorial domain, which contains all the inter-ring contacts, most of the intra-ring contacts and the ATP binding site, whose binding and hydrolysis triggers the conformational changes that take place during the functional cycle. All chaperonins display an open substrate-receptive conformation, where the unfolded protein is recognized and trapped, and a closed conformation where the substrate is isolated from the bulk of the intracellular environment. In this chapter we discuss the complex set of intra- and inter-ring allosteric signals during chaperonin function.

Expression of gynoecium patterning transcription factors in Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae) and their contribution to gynostemium development.

BACKGROUND: In Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae) flowers, the congenital fusion of the anthers and the commissural, stigmatic lobes forms a gynostemium. Although the molecular bases associated to the apical-basal gynoecium patterning have been described in eudicots, comparative expression studies of the style and stigma regulatory genes have never been performed in early divergent angiosperms possessing a gynostemium. RESULTS: In this study, we assess the expression of five genes typically involved in gynoecium development in Aristolochia fimbriata. We found that all five genes (AfimCRC, AfimSPT, AfimNGA, AfimHEC1 and AfimHEC3) are expressed in the ovary, the placenta, the ovules and the transmitting tract. In addition, only AfimHEC3, AfimNGA and AfimSPT are temporarily expressed during the initiation of the stigma, while none of the genes studied is maintained during the elaboration of the stigmatic surfaces in the gynostemium. CONCLUSIONS: Expression patterns suggest that CRC, HEC, NGA and SPT homologs establish ovary and style identity in Aristolochia fimbriata. Only NGA,HEC3 and SPT genes may play a role in the early differentiation of the stigmatic lobes, but none of the genes studied seems to control late stigma differentiation in the gynostemium. The data gathered so far raises the possibility that such transient expression early on provides sufficient signal for late stigma differentiation or that unidentified late identity genes are controlling stigma development in the gynostemium. Our data does not rule out the possibility that stigmas could correspond to staminal filaments with convergent pollen-receptive surfaces.

Molecular architecture of the Jumonji C family histone demethylase KDM5B.

The full length human histone 3 lysine 4 demethylase KDM5B (PLU-1/Jarid1B) has been studied using Hydrogen/Deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, homology modelling, sequence analysis, small angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy. This first structure on an intact multi-domain Jumonji histone demethylase reveal that the so-called PLU region, in the central region of KDM5B, has a curved α-helical three-dimensional structure, that acts as a rigid linker between the catalytic core and a region comprising four α-helices, a loop comprising the PHD2 domain, two large intrinsically disordered loops and the PHD3 domain in close proximity. The dumbbell shaped and curved KDM5B architecture observed by electron microscopy is complementary to the nucleosome surface and has a striking overall similarity to that of the functionally related KDM1A/CoREST complex. This could suggest that there are similarities between the demethylation mechanisms employed by the two histone 3 lysine 4 demethylases at the molecular level.

High-Resolution Structure of Cas13b and Biochemical Characterization of RNA Targeting and Cleavage.

Type VI CRISPR-Cas systems contain programmable single-effector RNA-guided RNases, including Cas13b, one of the four known family members. Cas13b, which has been used for both RNA editing and nucleic acid detection, is unique among type VI CRISPR effectors in its linear domain architecture and CRISPR RNA (crRNA) structure. Here, we report the crystal structure of Prevotella buccae Cas13b (PbuCas13b) bound to crRNA at 1.65 Å resolution. This structure, combined with biochemical experiments assaying the stability, kinetics, and function of Cas13b, provides a mechanistic model for Cas13b target RNA recognition and identifies features responsible for target and cleavage specificity. Based on these observations, we generated Cas13b variants with altered cleavage preferences, which may expand the utility of nuclease-based RNA detection assays and other applications of Cas13b in mammalian cells.

Floral MADS-box protein interactions in the early diverging angiosperm Aristolochia fimbriata Cham. (Aristolochiaceae: Piperales).

Floral identity MADS-box A, B, C, D, E, and AGL6 class genes are predominantly single copy in Magnoliids, and predate the whole genome duplication (WGD) events in monocots and eudicots. By comparison with the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the expression patterns of B-, C-, and D-class genes in stamen, carpel, and ovules are conserved in Aristolochia fimbriata, whereas A-, E-class, and AGL6 genes have different expression patterns. Nevertheless, the interactions of these proteins that act through multimeric complexes remain poorly known in early divergent angiosperms. This study evaluates protein interactions among all floral MADS-box A. fimbriata proteins using the Yeast Two Hybrid System (Y2H). We found no homodimers and less heterodimers formed by AfimFUL when compared to AfimAGL6, which allowed us to suggest AGL6 homodimers in combination with AfimSEP2 as the most likely tetramer in sepal identity. We found AfimAP3-AfimPI obligate heterodimers and AfimAG-AfimSEP2 protein interactions intact suggesting conserved stamen and carpel tetrameric complexes in A. fimbriata. We observed a broader interaction partner set for AfimSEP2 than for its paralog AfimSEP1. We show conserved and exclusive MADS-box protein interactions in A. fimbriata in comparison with other eudicot and monocot model species in order to establish plesiomorphic MADS-box protein floral networks in angiosperms.

Conformational Activation Promotes CRISPR-Cas12a Catalysis and Resetting of the Endonuclease Activity.

Cas12a, also known as Cpf1, is a type V-A CRISPR-Cas RNA-guided endonuclease that is used for genome editing based on its ability to generate specific dsDNA breaks. Here, we show cryo-EM structures of intermediates of the cleavage reaction, thus visualizing three protein regions that sense the crRNA-DNA hybrid assembly triggering the catalytic activation of Cas12a. Single-molecule FRET provides the thermodynamics and kinetics of the conformational activation leading to phosphodiester bond hydrolysis. These findings illustrate why Cas12a cuts its target DNA and unleashes unspecific cleavage activity, degrading ssDNA molecules after activation. In addition, we show that other crRNAs are able to displace the R-loop inside the protein after target DNA cleavage, terminating indiscriminate ssDNA degradation. We propose a model whereby the conformational activation of the enzyme results in indiscriminate ssDNA cleavage. The displacement of the R-loop by a new crRNA molecule will reset Cas12a specificity, targeting new DNAs.

A novel TPR-BEN domain interaction mediates PICH-BEND3 association.

PICH is a DNA translocase required for the maintenance of chromosome stability in human cells. Recent data indicate that PICH co-operates with topoisomerase IIα to suppress pathological chromosome missegregation through promoting the resolution of ultra-fine anaphase bridges (UFBs). Here, we identify the BEN domain-containing protein 3 (BEND3) as an interaction partner of PICH in human cells in mitosis. We have purified full length PICH and BEND3 and shown that they exhibit a functional biochemical interaction in vitro. We demonstrate that the PICH-BEND3 interaction occurs via a novel interface between a TPR domain in PICH and a BEN domain in BEND3, and have determined the crystal structure of this TPR-BEN complex at 2.2 Å resolution. Based on the structure, we identified amino acids important for the TPR-BEN domain interaction, and for the functional interaction of the full-length proteins. Our data reveal a proposed new function for BEND3 in association with PICH, and the first example of a specific protein-protein interaction mediated by a BEN domain.

Impacto del Score de Recurrencia de 21 genes en la indicación de tratamiento sistémico adyuvante: nuestra experiencia en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires / Impact of the Recurrence Score on clinical decision-making about chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting: our experience at Hospital Italiano of Buenos Aires (Argentina)

Introducción Las plataformas genómicas han tomado gran relevancia como factores pronósticos y predictivos para definir tratamiento adyuvante en pacientes con cáncer de mama. Su uso permitiría discriminar un subgrupo de pacientes en quienes la indicación de quimioterapia podría ofrecer más morbilidad que verdadero beneficio. Objetivos Describir las características de las pacientes en quienes se utilizó la plataforma Oncotype DX® y evaluar el impacto del Score de Recurrencia (Recurrence Score) como herramienta de decisión para la indicación de adyuvancia. Material y método Se consideraron pacientes operadas entre 2013 y 2017 en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina, con diagnóstico de carcinoma invasor primario de mama de subtipo Luminal A o B, her2neu negativas. Se seleccionaron los casos en los que se solicitó Oncotype DX® y se describieron sus características clínicas e histológicas. Resultados Se utilizó Oncotype DX® en 47 pacientes con cáncer de mama invasor. En el 48,9% se obtuvo un Recurrence Score de riesgo bajo, en el 40,4% de riesgo intermedio y en el 10,6% de riesgo alto. En 22 casos (46,8%) consideramos que hubo un cambio de conducta en la indicación de adyuvancia. Conclusiones En nuestra experiencia, hemos visto que la plataforma genómica Oncotype DX® sería una herramienta útil para definir tratamiento adyuvante en tumores de tipo Luminal, her2neu negativo.

Introduction Over the past decade, gene expression assays have become relevant prognostic factors for guiding clinical decision-making in patients with breast cancer. Their use allows to discriminate which patients are most likely to benefit from chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting, avoiding unnecessary toxicity. Objectives To describe the clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients in whom Oncotype DX® was used as a prognostic factor and assess the impact of the Recurrence Score on clinical decision-making. Materials and method Patients who underwent surgery at the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Argentina, between 2013 and 2017 for Estrogen-Receptor positive (er+), her2neu negative primary breast cancer were considered eligible. We evaluated the cases in which Oncotype DX® was ordered and described the clinical and pathologic characteristics, as well as whether Recurrence Score (rs) modified the prescription of adjuvant therapy. Results Oncotype DX® was performed in 47 patients. The distribution of patients according to rs was as follows: low risk rs 48,9%, intermediate risk 40,4% and high risk 10,6%. We considered that adjuvant therapy decision was modified after rs in 22 patients (46,8%). Conclusions Oncotype DX® and its resulting Recurrence Score appear to be a clinically useful tool for decision-making in the adjuvant setting for patients with er+, her2neu negative breast cancer.

Deep into the Aristolochia Flower: Expression of C, D, and E-Class Genes in Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae).

Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae) is a member of an early diverging lineage of flowering plants and a promising candidate for evo-devo studies. Aristolochia flowers exhibit a unique floral synorganization that consists of a monosymmetric and petaloid calyx formed by three congenitally fused sepals, and a gynostemium formed by the congenital fusion between stamens and the stigmatic region of the carpels. This floral ground plan atypical in the magnoliids can be used to evaluate the role of floral organ identity MADS-box genes during early flower evolution. In this study, we present in situ hybridization experiments for the homologs of the canonical C-, D-, and E-class genes. Spatiotemporal expression of the C-class gene AfimAG is restricted to stamens, ovary, and ovules, suggesting a conserved stamen and carpel identity function, consistent with that reported in core-eudicots and monocots. The D-class gene AfimSTK is detected in the anthers, the stigmas, the ovary, the ovules, the fruit, and the seeds, suggesting conserved roles in ovule and seed identity and unique roles in stamens, ovary, and fruit development. In addition, AfimSTK expression patterns in areas of organ abscission and dehiscence zones suggest putative roles linked to senescence processes. We found that both E-class genes are expressed in the anthers and the ovary; however, AfimSEP2 exhibits higher expression compared to AfimSEP1. These findings provide a comprehensive picture of the ancestral expression patterns of the canonical MADS-box floral organ identity genes and the foundations for further comparative analyses in other magnoliids.

Characterization of the NTPR and BD1 interacting domains of the human PICH-BEND3 complex.

Chromosome integrity depends on DNA structure-specific processing complexes that resolve DNA entanglement between sister chromatids. If left unresolved, these entanglements can generate either chromatin bridging or ultrafine DNA bridging in the anaphase of mitosis. These bridge structures are defined by the presence of the PICH protein, which interacts with the BEND3 protein in mitosis. To obtain structural insights into PICH-BEND3 complex formation at the atomic level, their respective NTPR and BD1 domains were cloned, overexpressed and crystallized using 1.56 M ammonium sulfate as a precipitant at pH 7.0. The protein complex readily formed large hexagonal crystals belonging to space group P6122, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 47.28, c = 431.58 Šand with one heterodimer in the asymmetric unit. A complete multiwavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD) data set extending to 2.2 Šresolution was collected from a selenomethionine-labelled crystal at the Swiss Light Source.

Experiencia monoinstitucional en carcinoma de pulmón de células no pequeñas con reordenamiento EML4-ALK / Monoinstitutional experience in non-small cell lung carcinoma with EML4-ALK rearrangement

El gen de fusión EML4-ALK es producto de la inversión dentro del brazo corto del cromosoma 2 que da lugar a una proteína quimérica con actividad tirosinquinasa y oncogénica. EML4-ALK está presente en una pequeña proporción de pacientes con carcinoma no microcítico de pulmón (aproximadamente el 5%), principalmente en histología de adenocarcinoma y ausencia de hábito tabáquico. De 2012 a 2016 se analizó el reordenamiento EML4-ALK en 340 casos en nuestro centro. Se analizaron los pacientes con el reordenamiento por sexo, edad, hábito tabáquico, estadio diagnóstico, sitios metastásicos, respuesta al tratamiento y tiempo del mismo con inhibidores específicos. Del análisis de 340 casos, se detectó el reordenamiento EML4-ALK en 22 (6.4%), 10 de ellos de sexo masculino, edad promedio 52.4 años (23 a 86 años), 13 no tabaquistas, 13 con enfermedad metastásica al diagnóstico. De estos 22, 15 iniciaron tratamiento con crizotinib, presentando 10 de ellos beneficio clínico, con un tiempo promedio de tratamiento de 18 meses. Entre los pacientes con re arreglo cromosómico ALK, 2/22 casos presentaron concomitantemente la mutación ALK más la del gen EGFR, ambos en posición L858R del exon 21. El reordenamiento EML4-ALK es una condición infrecuente, vista generalmente en pacientes con adenocarcinoma, aunque puede presentarse en pacientes con carcinoma indiferenciado o epidermoide; en tres encontramos alteraciones del EGFR, de distinta significancia clínica. El tratamiento con inhibidores específicos es bien tolerado, con alta tasa de respuesta y beneficio clínico prolongado (AU)

The fusion oncogene EML4-ALK, results by a small inversion in the short arm region of chromosome 2, resulting in a chimeric protein with tyrosine kinase and oncogenic activity. EML4-ALK was found in a small proportion of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (about 5%), mainly in adenocarcinoma histology and never on light smokers. Between 2012 and 2016 we evaluated EML4-ALK rearrangement in 340 patients in our center. We analized sex, age, smoke habit, tumoral stage, metastasic sites, treatment response and treatment duration with specific inhibitors. Of 340 cases, the EML4-ALK rearrangement was found in 22 (6.4%), all diagnosed with adenocarcinoma, 10 of them male, mean age 52.4 years (23-86 years), 13 were nonsmokers and 13 with metastatic disease at diagnosis. The 15 patients started treatment with crizotinib, 10 of them presented clinical benefit (stable disease or partial response) and an average treatment time of 18 months; 2/22 patients with ALK mutations had concomitant in the EGFR gene, both L858R mutation in exon 21. The EML4-ALK rearrangement is a rare condition, which is usually seen in patients with adenocarcinoma and no history of smoking;although our experience with the use of specific inhibitors is limited, this treatment appears to be well tolerated with prolonged clinical responses (AU)

Directly from the source: endogenous preparations of molecular machines.

Purification from a source enriched in large macromolecular machines with basic cellular function is still the method of choice in many cases. Such complexes occur in sufficiently high copy numbers in the cell and can be isolated using classical protein purification protocols. Although advanced DNA recombinant technologies and sophisticated overexpression strategies are available, many complexes like the ribosome, RNA polymerase II and membrane protein complexes involved in photosynthesis or in oxidative phosphorylation can only be purified from a rich source. Here, we review recent accomplishments and limitations in applying this strategy.

Molecular architecture of a multifunctional MCM complex.

DNA replication is strictly regulated through a sequence of steps that involve many macromolecular protein complexes. One of them is the replicative helicase, which is required for initiation and elongation phases. A MCM helicase found as a prophage in the genome of Bacillus cereus is fused with a primase domain constituting an integrative arrangement of two essential activities for replication. We have isolated this helicase-primase complex (BcMCM) showing that it can bind DNA and displays not only helicase and primase but also DNA polymerase activity. Using single-particle electron microscopy and 3D reconstruction, we obtained structures of BcMCM using ATPγS or ADP in the absence and presence of DNA. The complex depicts the typical hexameric ring shape. The dissection of the unwinding mechanism using site-directed mutagenesis in the Walker A, Walker B, arginine finger and the helicase channels, suggests that the BcMCM complex unwinds DNA following the extrusion model similarly to the E1 helicase from papillomavirus.

Chaperonins: two rings for folding.

Chaperonins are ubiquitous chaperones found in Eubacteria, eukaryotic organelles (group I), Archaea and the eukaryotic cytosol (group II). They all share a common structure and a basic functional mechanism. Although a large amount of information has been gathered for the simpler group I, much less is known about group II chaperonins. Recent crystallographic and electron microscopy structures have provided new insights into the mechanism of these chaperonins and revealed important differences between group I and II chaperonins, mainly in the molecular rearrangements that take place during the functional cycle. These differences are evident for the most complex chaperonin, the eukaryotic cytosolic CCT, which highlights the uniqueness of this important molecular machine.

Uso del SU-JOK en la periartritis escápulo humeral en una Sala de Rehabilitación Integral del Estado Barinas / The use of SU-JOK in the scapulo humeral periarthritis in an integral rehabilitation room

Con la intención de incrementar el arsenal terapéutico de la Sala de Rehabilitación Integral Felicita de Barazarte del municipio Bolívar, estado Barinas, de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela se comenzó a utilizar el método Su-Jok en diversas patologías. La periartritis escápulo humeral fue una de las causas frecuentes de consulta por lo que se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo, en el periodo comprendido entre Septiembre del 2005 y Febrero del 2006, con el objetivo de valorar la efectividad del método terapéutico en dicha patología. El universo estuvo constituido por los 72 pacientes. Se les confeccionó una historia clínica que recogió el uso de otros métodos de tratamiento antes y durante la aplicación del Su-Jok, tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad, periodicidad del tratamiento con Su-Jok, así como la evolución semanal. El 63.9 por ciento de los pacientes pertenecía al sexo masculino y el grupo de edad de 50-59 años fue el más afectado (30.6 por ciento). Con el uso del Su-Jok disminuyó el empleo de otros métodos para el alivio del dolor, se obtuvo mejores resultados en los pacientes que acudieron en estadios tempranos de la enfermedad y que recibieron diariamente el tratamiento, considerando el Su- Jok efectivo en el tratamiento de la periartritis escápulo humeral(AU)

With the intention of incrementing the therapeutic arsenal of the integral rehabilitation room Felicita de Barazarte from Bolivar municipality, Barina state from Venezuela Bolivarian Republic it began tu use the SU-JOK method in different pathologies. The scapulo humeral periarthritis was one of the frequent cause of consulting. That´s why an observational descriptive longitudinal prospective study was carried out in the period between september 2005 and february 2006. With the aim of appreciate the efectivity of therapeutic method in this disease. The study group was represented by 72 patients. It was created a clinic story that pick up the use of another treatment method before and during the SU-JOK application, time of sickness evolution, periodicity of the SU-JOK application and weekly evolution. The 63,9 percent of patients were male and the group of 50-59 years was the most affected (30,6 percent) with the use of the SU-JOK decreased the use of other methods for pain reliever, it was obtained better results in patients that arrived in early stages of their sickness(AU)

Uso del SU-JOK en la periartritis escápulo humeral en una sala de rehabilitación integral del Estado Barinas / The use of SU-JOK in the scapulo humeral periarthritis in an integral rehabilitation room

Con la intención de incrementar el arsenal terapéutico de la Sala de Rehabilitación Integral Felicita de Barazarte del municipio Bolívar, estado Barinas, de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela se comenzó a utilizar el método Su-Jok en diversas patologías. La periartritis escápulo humeral fue una de las causas frecuentes de consulta por lo que se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo, en el periodo comprendido entre Septiembre del 2005 y Febrero del 2006, con el objetivo de valorar la efectividad del método terapéutico en dicha patología. El universo estuvo constituido por los 72 pacientes. Se les confeccionó una historia clínica que recogió el uso de otros métodos de tratamiento antes y durante la aplicación del Su-Jok, tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad, periodicidad del tratamiento con Su-Jok, así como la evolución semanal. El 63.9 por ciento de los pacientes pertenecía al sexo masculino y el grupo de edad de 50-59 años fue el más afectado (30.6 por ciento). Con el uso del Su-Jok disminuyó el empleo de otros métodos para el alivio del dolor, se obtuvo mejores resultados en los pacientes que acudieron en estadios tempranos de la enfermedad y que recibieron diariamente el tratamiento, considerando el Su- Jok efectivo en el tratamiento de la periartritis escápulo humeral.

With the intention of incrementing the therapeutic arsenal of the integral rehabilitation room Felicita de Barazarte from Bolivar municipality, Barina state from Venezuela Bolivarian Republic it began tu use the SU-JOK method in different pathologies. The scapulo humeral periarthritis was one of the frequent cause of consulting. That´s why an observational descriptive longitudinal prospective study was carried out in the period between september 2005 and february 2006. With the aim of appreciate the efectivity of therapeutic method in this disease. The study group was represented by 72 patients. It was created a clinic story that pick up the use of another treatment method before and during the SU-JOK application, time of sickness evolution, periodicity of the SU-JOK application and weekly evolution. The 63,9 percent of patients were male and the group of 50-59 years was the most affected (30,6 percent) with the use of the SU-JOK decreased the use of other methods for pain reliever, it was obtained better results in patients that arrived in early stages of their sickness.

Crystal structure of the open conformation of the mammalian chaperonin CCT in complex with tubulin.

Protein folding is assisted by molecular chaperones. CCT (chaperonin containing TCP-1, or TRiC) is a 1-MDa oligomer that is built by two rings comprising eight different 60-kDa subunits. This chaperonin regulates the folding of important proteins including actin, α-tubulin and ß-tubulin. We used an electron density map at 5.5 Å resolution to reconstruct CCT, which showed a substrate in the inner cavities of both rings. Here we present the crystal structure of the open conformation of this nanomachine in complex with tubulin, providing information about the mechanism by which it aids tubulin folding. The structure showed that the substrate interacts with loops in the apical and equatorial domains of CCT. The organization of the ATP-binding pockets suggests that the substrate is stretched inside the cavity. Our data provide the basis for understanding the function of this chaperonin.